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The University of Michigan Library is the university library system of the University of Michigan, based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in the United States. The University of Michigan Library ranks in the top ten largest libraries in the United States. As of 2010–11, the University Library contained more than 12.44 million volumes, while all campus library systems combined held more than 13.36 million volumes. The Library also held 136,810 current serials, and over 4.42 million annual visits.〔(Statistical Highlights | MLibrary )〕 Founded in 1838, the University Library is the university's main library and is housed in 12 buildings, with more than 20 libraries,〔(Libraries ), University of Michigan Library.〕 among the most significant of which are the Shapiro Undergraduate Library, Hatcher Graduate Library, Special Collections Library, and Taubman Health Sciences Library.〔(Libraries & Archives ), University of Michigan Library.〕 However, several U-M libraries are independent of the University Library: the Bentley Historical Library, the William L. Clements Library, the Gerald R. Ford Library, the Kresge Business Administration Library of the Ross School of Business, and the Law Library of the University of Michigan Law School. The University Library is also separate from the libraries of the University of Michigan–Dearborn (Mardigian Library) and the University of Michigan–Flint (Frances Willson Thompson Library and Genesee Historical Collections Center).〔 UM was the original home of the JSTOR database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics. In December 2004, the University of Michigan announced a book digitization program in collaboration with Google (known as Michigan Digitization Project), which is both revolutionary and controversial.〔(DigitalKoans » Blog Archive » The Google Print Controversy: A Bibliography )〕 Books scanned by Google are included in HathiTrust, a digital library created by a partnership of major research institutions. As of March 2014, the following collections had been digitized: Art, Architecture and Engineering Library; Bentley Historical Library; Buhr Remote Shelving Facility (large portions; Dentistry Library (portions); Fine Arts Library (large portions); Hatcher Graduate Library (large portions); Herbarium Library;Kresge Business Administration Library; Law Library (portions); Museums Library; Music Library (large portions); Shapiro Science Library (large portions); Shapiro Undergraduate Library (large portions); Social Work Library; Special Collections Library (portions); Taubman Health Sciences Library (large portions); Responding to restricted public funding and the rising costs of print materials, the Library has launched significant new ventures that use digital technology to provide cost-effective and permanent alternatives to traditional print publication. This includes access to print on demand books via the Library's Espresso Book Machine.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title= EBM Locations: List View )〕 The University Library is also an educational organization in its own right, offering a full range of courses, resources, support, and training for students, faculty, and researchers. The University Librarian and Dean of Libraries is James Hilton, whose term began on September 1, 2013. ==History== The Michigan Legislature creates the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor in 1838, and that year allocated funding for a library.〔(A Brief History of the University of Michigan Library )〕 The next year (three years before classes began), the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan acquired the University Library's first volume, John James Audubon's ''Birds of America'', purchased at a cost of $970. (The book is now displayed in the Library Gallery's Audubon Room).〔 Also in 1838, the university's first professor, Asa Gray (known as the "father of American botany"), was entrusted with a $5,000 budget to establish the first collection of books for the University Library; he purchased 3,400 volumes.〔 Before the university's first years, books were stored in various places around campus, including at the Law School and in various professors' homes.〔 In 1856, the North Wing of the University Building was remodeled, and books centralized in the University's Library and Museum there.〔 In 1863, the Library moved to the Law Building.〔 In 1883, the university's first library building was completed, although within twelve years of its construction the building was already too small for the growing collection.〔 Between 1870 and 1940 the collection grew rapidly, from 17,000 to 941,500.〔 In 1890, the University Library inaugurated a handwritten card catalog system, which later changed to typed cards and, after 1900, to printed cards from the Library of Congress.〔 By 1895, the Library's overcrowding problem had become acute, and President James Burrill Angell told the Regents that "The embarrassment, to which I have called attention in previous reports, arising from the crowded condition of the Library, of course grows more serious every year."〔 In 1900, the library established "caged areas in the stacks to protect books of exceptional value," becoming one of the first rare book rooms to be established in America.〔 By 1905, student borrowing privileges had become established, a shift from the early restricted-circulation model in which students needed a faculty member's permission to check books out of the Library.〔 In 1911, the Detroit anarchist Joseph Labadie donated his personal library to the university, establishing the nucleus of the what became of the Labadie Collection, the oldest collection of radical-left history materials in the world.〔 By 1915, the overcrowded, wood-constructed General Library was designated a fire hazard by the Board of Regents.〔 After this, a new building was finally constructed. Designed by architect Albert Kahn, the library building (which is today the north building of the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library) was dedicated on January 7, 1920.〔 The same year, Professor Francis W. Kelsey (who founded the university's Kelsey Museum of Archaeology) added 617 ancient Egyptian papyri to the university's holdings, beginning the University of Michigan Papyrus Collection, which became the largest in the Americas.〔 By 1940, the University Library's card catalog has 2,000 trays and 1.75 million cards.〔 A post-World War II boom in enrollment, fueled by the G.I. Bill, further strained the Library's crowding problems as the library continued to expand.〔 In 1947, the Library took over collection development responsibilities, replacing the old system in which each academic department selected and purchases books and journals.〔 In 1948, the Library established its Far Eastern Library (renamed the Asia Library in 1959) of materials from China, Japan, and Korea; the Asian Library is now the largest collection of East Asian resources in North America.〔 In 1970, an eight-story addition was built, where much of the print collections are housed, along with the Library's administration offices, the Map Library, Special Collections, and Papyrology. In 1959 the Shapiro Undergraduate Library was built, with a policy of open access to the stacks for students. In years to come the principle of access to materials would become the standard and goal for all libraries and initiatives. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「University of Michigan Library」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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